Ectasia ductal mamaria en niños, a propósito de un caso clínico: A case report / Mammary duct ectasia in children

Introducción: La telorragia es un síntoma poco frecuente en pacientes pediátricos, la causa más frecuente en esta población es la ectasia ductal mamaria (EDM), que es una afección benigna y autolimitada, caracterizada por la dilatación del conducto mamario, fibrosis e inflamación periductal. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de EDM, para facilitar el rápido reconocimiento por parte de los médicos, y evitar estudios y tratamientos agresivos. Caso clínico: Lactante de sexo masculino de 6 meses de edad, sano, alimentado por lactancia materna exclusiva; consultó por un nódulo retroareolar derecho y telorragia unilateral. Se realizó una ecografía Doppler que mostró una lesión multiquística, sugerente de una EDM. Se planteó tratamiento expectante y acudió a control a los 6 meses con excelente evolución. Conclusiones: La EDM es la principal causa de telorragia en niños, corresponde a una afección benigna, y la resolución generalmente es espontánea, antes de los 9 meses. Por lo que su conocimiento es de gran relevancia para el adecuado diagnóstico y manejo de estos pacientes.

Introduction: Bloody nipple discharge is an infrequent symptom during childhood. The most common cause in this population is mammary duct ectasia (MDE), which is a benign and self-limiting condition, that is characterized by dilatation of the mammary ducts, fibrosis and periductal inflammation. Objective: Report of a case of MDE in order to improve physicians’ diagnosis accuracy and avoid aggressive studies and treatments. Case report: Six-months old male healthy infant, exclusively breastfeeded, that visited our clinic with a lump beneath his right nipple and bloody discharge from the same nipple. An ultrasound was performed which showed a multicystic lesion suggestive of MDE. Watchful waiting was decided as treatment, with good evolution after six months of follow up. Conclusions: The MDE is the leading cause of bloody discharge in pediatric population, being a benign condition that resolves spontaneously before nine months. The knowledge of this condition is essential so as to accurately diagnose and treat it.

Cationic topical formulations tested in high dilutions offers protective effects in fibroblast cells culture

Topical administration is a simple and comfortable form of cutaneous administration of drugs. However, in this route of administration the drug needs to overcome the barrier posed by the skin to reach an effective concentration. For this reason, many topical formulations are developed with a cationic component. The promotion of absorption occurs due to the disruption of the stratum corneum. But this cationic component has also high irritating potential to the skin. The biotherapics are medicines prepared from a toxic product or etiologic agent, following the homeopathic pharmacopoeia technique, and they are used mainly in cases of hipersensitization. In this experiment, high dilutions (HD) obtained from a cationic formulation were prepared and evaluated considering cell viability in “in vitro” mouse fibroblast (L929) culture cells model by a colorimetric MTT assay. No signs of toxicity were observed, which demonstrates the safety of these HD preparations to the healthy cells. The effectiveness of these HD was also investigated in cells damaged by cationic formulations. The results demonstrated that the HD 30c was the most effective preparation in preventing the cell damage caused by the tested irritating product, increasing cell viability from 56.6% (damaged cells) to 100% (similar to negative control group, p>0.05). These results provide evidence of the positive action of high dilutions against the exposure to a cytotoxic agent.

Monocationic surfactant induced ultra structural changes in antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli.

Background & objectives: Cetrimide is a monocationic surfactant, commonly used for disinfection of hospital floors, equipments, for cleansing of burns and wounds, hand wash, etc. We evaluated whether antibiotic resistant (AR) Escherichia coli isolates from hospital settings (nosocomial pathogens) show any evidence of significant reduction in their susceptibility to cetrimide. Also the response of AR E. coli (nosocomial pathogens) to the action of cetrimide was assessed by studying the ultra structural changes induced using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods: A total of 165 clinical samples were screened for isolation of E. coli. Eighty two (49.6%) samples were positive for E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates was carried out by Kirby Bauer method to isolate AR E. coli. The randomly selected AR E. coli isolate was treated with different concentrations of cetrimide and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cetrimide was determined by broth micro dilution method. This same isolate was used for performing time kill assay and TEM study. Results: The test E. coli isolate showed resistance to 12 different antibiotics. The MIC of cetrimide against AR E. coli was 312.5 μg/ml. The ultra cellular structural changes in cetrimide treated AR E. coli revealed vacuole formation, disaxilization of nuclear material, loss of cytoplasmic granularity, bleb formation and cell lysis. Conclusion: Ultra structural changes induced by the action of cetrimide revealed cell damaging changes in the AR E. coli to be dose and time dependent. The results showed that antibiotic resistance does not alter any change in susceptibility of E. coli to cetrimide, which was found to be still an effective disinfectant against a nosocomial pathogen E. coli.

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes.

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.

Estimation and signification of cation exchange capacity of cheliff saline soils [Algeria] for physical properties

Measurements of the cation exchange capacity [CEC] show significant soil properties, in particular its ability to retain the cations because of their mobility in the soil. Thirteen soil samples rich in electrolytes of the Cheliff plain [Algeria] were analyzed in order to measure their CEG and to draw up the existing relationship between texture, organic

atter content and pH. In calcareous soils, the CEC values are always higher than those measured at pH 7. Regression equations using the percentages of organic carbon and clay as independent variables would make it possible to estimate 90% of the variability of the CEC measured in the ammonium acetate buffered at pH 7 and 89% of the variability for that measured at the pH of the soil These percentages are particularly useful due to the fact that they make it possible to estimate the CEC of the soil according to the pH only starting from the organic matter and texture. The correlations between the salinity indices, the parameters of the saline phase and the physical properties, show that the cobalt hexamine method makes it possible to characterize the soil of this plain with more precision than the Metson method. It constitutes a means for following up the chemical quality of the soil. The Metson method makes it possible to approach the reactivity of the soil in relation with the geometry of the components. The measurement of the CEC at pH 7 makes it possible to envisage the water content at the permanent wilting point of the plants. Finally, it is noticed that a sodization of the adsorbing compound, which consequently generates a reduction in the structural stability and a reduction in the infiltration always leads to the salinity in these soil types